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DOI  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH  
Classical Insights Of Nidana Panchaka And Clinical Importance Of Roga And  
Rogi Pariksha  
Dr.Kapadiya Parul R.1 , Dr.Wade Avinash S.2  
1 Professor and HOD, Rognidan evam vikriti vigyan, Nootan Ayurvedic College and Research Centre,  
Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India  
2 Associate Professor, Rognidan evam vikriti vigyan, Nootan Ayurvedic College and Research Centre,  
Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India  
Corresponding Author: Dr. Kapadiya Parul  
ORCID ID: 0009-0004-3657-402X  
Article Info: Article Received on : 10/04/2026  
Article Reviewed on: 11/04/2026  
Article Published on : 15/04/2026  
Cite this article as: - Kapadiya, P., & Wade, A. (2026). Classical Insights Of Nidana Panchaka And Clinical Importance Of Roga  
And Rogi Pariksha. International Journal of Diagnostics And Research, 3(3), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19597805  
Abstract  
For a successful clinical practice, a correct diagnosis is essential. Roga pariksha and rogi pariksha play important roles  
in disease assessment, and the progression of a disease can be monitored only with the help of proper pariksha. The  
different methods of pariksha for diagnosing diseases are trividh, shadvidh, asthvidh, and dashavidh pariksha. Acharya  
Charaka described rogapariksha & rogipariksha for the diagnosis & prognosis of the disease as aupamya,  
dwividhapariksha, trividhapariksha, and chaturvidhapariksha. Acharya Sushruta described rogapariksha &  
rogipariksha for the diagnosis & prognosis of the disease, namely shrotrendriyapariksha, sparshanendriyapariksha,  
chakshurendriyapariksha, rasanedriyapariksha, ghranendriayapariksha and prashnapariksha. Aims and Objectives:  
To understand the concept of Nidana Panchaka from the classical Ayurvedic texts and to understand the clinical  
importance of Roga and Rogi Pariksha. Methodology: Ayurvedic Samhitas, review articles, journals, and Modern  
literature have been analysed for the study. Result: Roga and Rogi Pariksha by Ayurveda have a key role in current  
clinical practice. Discussion: Nidana Panchaka plays a key role in identifying the etiopathogenesis of diseases.  
Modern diagnostic techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, are merely a medium for contemporary  
technology. A thorough understanding of Roga and Rogi Pariksha according to Ayurveda is necessary for accurate  
diagnosis and treatment.  
Key words: Nidana Panchaka, Roga pariksha, Rogi pariksha, Diagnosis  
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Ayurvedic texts were Pramanas, such as Yukti  
Introduction :  
Pramana, Pratyaksha Pramana (which includes the  
Nidana Panchaka means- five means of diagnosis,  
namely Nidana (cause or etiology), Purvarupa  
(Prodromal symptoms or Premonitory symptoms),  
Rupa (Specific sign and symptoms or clinical  
five sense organs of the eyes, ears, nose, and  
[3]  
tongue), and Aaptopadesha Pramana.  
These  
techniques were employed to comprehend the  
Dosha, Dushya, and Dosha-Dushya site, i.e.,  
features), Upasaya (Relieving and Aggravating  
[4]  
[1].  
Sammurchhna.  
With the progress made in the  
factors), Samprapti (Pathogenesis)  
These five  
medical field today, diseases can now be diagnosed  
early, and their progression halted. However, there  
are instances when a patient cannot afford the  
pricey imaging methods like CT scans and MRIs.  
Therefore, we must be aware of Ayurvedic  
diagnosis, which lessens the load on the afflicted  
patients. [5]  
elements collectively or selectively help in making  
an accurate diagnosis. Acharya Charaka has  
mentioned that before the planning of treatment, the  
[2]  
correct diagnosis of a disease is essential.  
which  
means a physician should examine the disease  
thoroughly before prescribing medicine. By  
knowing the concept of Nidana Panchaka, a  
physician can diagnose the disease at an earlier  
stage and henceforth can plan for the treatment  
well, thereby preventing further complications.  
Nidana panchaka is the diagnostic tool in  
Ayurveda. These tools help in diagnosis as well as  
in prognosis assessment of the disease individually  
and cumulatively. Nidana Panchaka plays a pivotal  
role in identifying the etiopathogenesis of diseases.  
The different methods of pariksha for diagnosing  
diseases are trividha, shadvidha, astavidha, and  
dashavidha pariksha. Acharya Charaka described  
rogapariksha & rogipariksha for the diagnosis &  
A physician who initiates treatment without a  
proper diagnosis of the disease can accomplish the  
desired objective only by chance. The fact that he is  
well-acquainted with the knowledge of the  
application of medicine does not necessarily  
guarantee his success. On the other hand, the  
physician who is well-versed in diagnosing disease,  
who is proficient in the administration of  
medicines, and who knows about the modalities to  
be used in a therapy is sure to accomplish the  
desired outcome without any doubt.[6]  
Aims & Objectives:  
1. To understand the concept of Nidana  
Panchaka from the classical Ayurvedic  
texts.  
prognosis  
dwividhapariksha,  
chaturvidhapariksha.  
of  
the  
disease  
as  
aupamya,  
and  
trividhapariksha,  
Sushruta  
described  
2. To understand the clinical importance of  
Roga and Rogi Pariksha.  
rogapariksha & rogipariksha for the diagnosis &  
prognosis of the disease, namely  
Importance Of Nidana Panchaka –  
shrotrendriyapariksha,  
sparshanendriyapariksha,  
rasanedriyapariksha,  
The current healthcare system focuses on finding a  
pathogenic microorganism that causes diseases.  
Ayurveda, on the contrary, emphasizes the lacunae  
or defects in biological systems (kha-Vaigunya)  
chakshurendriyapariksha,  
ghranendriayapariksha and prashnapariksha.  
The methods of diagnosis found in classical  
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that occurred due to various reasons, including  
improper diet and lifestyle.  
and the purvarupas approach believes that many  
diseases may have similar signs and symptoms, but  
their initial features may vary; thus, the disease can  
be diagnosed accurately initially and treated  
accordingly.[9]  
Nidana (cause or etiology), Purvarupa (prodromal  
symptoms or premonitory symptoms),  
Rupa  
(specific sign and symptoms or clinical features),  
Upasaya (relieving and aggravating factors), and  
Samprapti (pathogenesis) are the five methods of  
diagnosis in Ayurveda.[7]  
There are two types of puravrupa. Samanya  
purvarupa and vishishta (specific) purvarupa. One  
which indicate the forthcoming disease but doesn’t  
specify the involvement of dosha is known as  
A) Nidana:  
Nidana is the first step in diagnosing the disease.  
The knowledge of etiology/causative factor of  
health and disease is an important component of the  
samanya  
purvarupa  
(general  
prodromal  
symptoms). The second variety of purvarupa is  
known as vishishta (specific) purvarupa, in which  
the appearance of prodromal symptoms is observed  
specifically by a specific dosha.  
three  
fundamental  
components  
(trisutra)  
of  
knowledge of Ayurveda. "Nidana" has two distinct  
meanings: first, it refers to etiological factors, and  
second, it is used to diagnose illnesses. For  
Example, Vidahi, Guru, and Vishtambhi Bhojana  
are the etiological factors for Swasa Roga, while  
Raja and Dhuma are the environmental factors.  
Thus, these are the etiological factors, or  
Vyadhijanak Nidana, of the illness, and Swasa  
Roga, or Vyadhi Bodhak Nidana, is the diagnosis.  
A disease can be cured by simply removing the  
cause of the disease. If Vaidya can identify the  
Nidana of disease, he can surely treat it by removal  
of the same to prevent further pathogenesis and  
complications.  
(C) Rupa:  
These are signs of the disease that are very  
important in the diagnosis of the disease. The signs  
of the disease are always seen after the aggravation  
of the Doshas and the formation of the disease.  
A disease's Rupa signals the precise moment when  
the manifestation process begins. The disease's  
symptoms become more prominent, noticeable, and  
distinct when the Rupa shows up. The disease's  
pathogenesis results in a variety of symptoms.  
Throughout the illness, there is an unbreakable  
bond between these symptoms and Doshas. Thus,  
the pathogenesis (Dosha dushya sammurchhana)  
that takes place within the body is expressed  
[10]  
(B) Purvarupa:  
The symptoms that give an indication of a future  
externally as the disease's symptoms.  
Thus, the  
[8]  
disease are known as prodromal symptoms.  
disease's specific symptoms serve as an indicator of  
the disease. For example, excessive, unclean  
urination in Prameha.  
Purvarupa considers the initial signs and symptoms  
of disease. These symptoms may be termed as  
warning symptoms for any particular disease and  
appear before the other aggravated symptoms  
appear. Each disease has specific preliminary signs,  
(D) Upashaya:  
The disease whose manifestation, symptoms, and  
signs don’t clear the production of disease, and  
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from which Doshas and Dushya it has been  
produced in those diseases. Upashaya (like and  
dislike) is used to rule out the disease. Treatment  
used drugs, lifestyle, and diet is also considered in  
Upashaya. Acharya Chakrapani has explained 18  
types of Upashaya: Upayoga (uses), Aushadha  
(E) Samprapti:  
Samprapti is the one that explains the mode of  
Dosha Dushti and disease manifestation out of  
Dushta Dosha. The process of manifestation of the  
disease by Dushta Doshas, which are constantly  
[12].  
circulating all over the body, results in disease  
(drugs),  
Anna  
(diet),  
Vihara  
(lifestyle).  
Samprapti determines the manifestation of a  
disease.  
Hetuviparita - In Sheetkaphaj Jwara (fever), Sunthi  
(ginger) is given; in Vatajanya Jwara (fever),  
Mamsarasa is given. In Divasvapna (sleep in  
daytime), which is formed due to the accumulation  
of Kapha Ratrijagarana (night awaking), is done.  
Vyadhiviparita - In Premeha (diabetes) disease,  
Haridra (turmeric) is given. In Atisara (loose  
motion), Sthambhana (stoppage diet), Masoora is  
given. In Udavarta, Pravahana (try to produce  
vomiting) is done. Ubhayaviparita - In Vatika  
Shotha (inflammation), Dashamula kwatha. In  
Vatakaphaja Grahani, Takra (buttermilk) is given.  
Tandra (nap), which is due to Divasvapna (sleeping  
during the day), Rukhsa (dry), Ratrijagarana  
(waking at night), is done. Hetuvipritarthkari - In  
Paittika Visphota (blisters), Ushna Upanaha (hot  
fomentation) is used. In Paittika Visphota (blisters),  
Vidahi diet is given. Vyadhivipritarthkari - In  
Vatajanya Unmada (psychosis), Bhayadharshana  
(fearness) is Vyadhivipritarthkari. In Chhardi  
(vomiting), Madanphala drug is used. In Atisara  
(diarrhea), Virechanartha Ksheer (laxative) is used.  
In Chhardi (vomiting), Vamana Pravahana is used.  
Ubhayaviparitarthkari - In Vishajanya Mada  
Roga Pariksha:  
Roga pariksha is the analysis of a disease. Causes  
of  
the  
disease,  
pathogenesis,  
features,  
and  
complications of the disease- all come under roga  
pariksha. This pariksha can be achieved through  
Nidana panchaka and Shat kriyakala.  
A physician should know first the Nidana,  
Purvarupa,  
Rupa,  
Upashaya,  
Anupashaya,  
Samprapti, Sadhyaasadhyata, Arishta, and Chaya,  
Prakopa, Prasara, Sthanasanshraya, Bheda of the  
vyadhi  
Importance Of Roga Pariksha:  
The said nidanadi are upayukta in roga pariksha. If  
at all one forgets Nidana, then the roga pariksha is  
done using purvarupas. Also, if one forgets or is  
confused about the purvarupa, then roga pariksha  
is done using Upashaya. The Roga or disease  
should be examined to know Vyadhi Swabhava,  
Pramana, Nidana Panchaka, and Prognosis gnana,  
and to know Upadrava and Udarka gnana.  
Rogi pariksha:  
Rogi pariksha is the examination of the patient who  
is suffering from a disease or vyadhi. Trividha,  
Chaturvidha, Shadvidha, Astasthana, Dashavidha  
pariksha are used for Rogi Pariksha. Inspection,  
(toxicity),  
Visha  
(anti-venom)  
is  
used.  
In  
alcoholism, alcohol is used. The disease, like  
Urustambha, is cured by more exercise, such as  
swimming.[11]  
Palpation,  
Percussion,  
and  
interrogation  
are  
different means to examine the patient. After  
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having complete knowledge of Roga, the physician  
should start Rogi Pariksha.  
2. A proper diagnosis can be made through proper  
case management without the need for specific  
investigation. Though many costly tests are  
accessible to help with the clinical findings of  
illness, Ayurvedic rogi pariksha plays a  
significant role in the diagnosis of diseases.  
Importance Of Rogi Pariksha: The Rogi Pariksha  
should be done to know Prakriti, Vikriti, Sara,  
Samhanana, Pramana, Satmya, Satva, Ahara  
shakti, Vyayama shakti, Vaya, and Bala. There are  
many ways for Rogi Pariksha, like Dwividha,  
Trividha, Chaturvidha, Shadvidha, Astavidha, and  
Dashavidha.  
References:  
1. Tripathi B. Astang Hridayam of Vagbhata.  
Ayushkamiya  
adhyaya.  
Chaukhamba  
Roga And Rogi Pariksha:  
Sankrit Pratistahan: delhi; 2007.p.18.  
Roga Pariksha is examination and understanding  
the disease, while Rogi Pariksha is examination of  
the patient and the patient’s condition and the  
condition of the disease process for proper  
diagnosis of the disease.  
2. Tripathi B. Charak Samhita of Agnivesha.  
Maharoga adhyaya. Chaukhamba Surabharti  
Prakashana: Varanasi; 2014.p.396  
Roga and Rogi Pariksha help in the proper  
assessment of the disease process and diagnosis of  
the disease. Helps in knowing the physical and  
mental condition of the patient. Helps in knowing  
the prognosis of the disease as well as planning a  
comprehensive treatment protocol. It helps to  
decide if the physician can handle the case or if it  
would be wise to refer the case to related  
specialists.  
3. Yadavji T. Charak Samhita of Agnivesha.  
Tisraishaniyo  
adhyaya.  
Chaukhamba  
Surabharti Prakashana: Varanasi; 2013.p.70.  
4. Patil V, Sapra U K. Clinical diagnosis in  
Ayurveda: Concept, current practice and  
prospects. Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic  
medicine, 2013; 1(2): 1-7  
Conclusion:  
5. Vaidya Vasant, Sapra U K. Clinical  
Diagnosis in Ayurveda, 1st ed, vol. I. Atreya  
Ayurveda Publication: Ilkal, 2011; p.10.  
1. Diagnosing a disease based on nidana panchaka  
helps to treat the disease accordingly. Various  
examination methods and knowledge of every  
disease and patient examination through aptas of  
6. Tripathi B. Charak Samhita of Agnivesha.  
Maharoga adhyaya. Chaukhamba Surabharti  
Prakashana: Varanasi, 2014; p.396-397.  
Ayurveda,  
inferential  
perceptional  
examination  
examination,  
help in  
and  
Proper  
assessment of the disease process and diagnosis  
of the disease, and even many of the patient’s  
symptoms can be reduced by positive interaction  
during Ayurvedic rogi pariksha.  
7. Tripathi B. Charak Samhita of Agnivesha.  
Maharoga adhyaya. Chaukhamba Surabharti  
Prakashana: Varanasi, 2014; p.396-397.  
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8. Upadhyaya Y. Madhav Nidana vol.1.  
Panchnidana lakshanam. Chaukhamba  
ISSN: 2584-2757  
DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19597805  
Dr.Kapadiya Parul Inter. J.Digno. and Research  
This work is licensed under Creative  
Commons Attribution 4.0 License  
Prakashana: Varanasi2014;p.36.  
9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30  
7817067_Nidana_traditional_diagnostic_ap  
proaches_as_per_Ayurveda  
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11. Dr.  
Varun  
Sawant,  
Dr.  
Ashu,  
Dr.  
Akhilanath Parida, Dr. N. A. Prasad. Nidana  
Panchaka - A tool of diagnosis in Ayurveda.  
J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci [Internet].  
2019Feb.28 [cited 2025Aug.5];4(01):61-5.  
Available  
from:  
https://www.jaims.in/jaims/article/view/57  
12. Dr.  
Nisha  
Kumari.  
and  
A
textbook  
for  
Vigyana:  
Varanasi;  
Rognidana  
samprapti.  
Vikruthi  
edition.  
1st  
Chaukhambha orientalia: 2015. p244, Pp-  
487  
Declaration :  
Conflict of Interest : None  
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